The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . It is categorised as skeletal, cardiac or smooth. Nervous tissue. . The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated organs (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). ("1" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing many nerve fibers and small cell bodies of interneurons, ("2" in the orientation figure) a middle pyramidal cell layer containing hippocampal pyramidal cells. Some neurons are named on the basis of those sorts of classifications (Figure 3). The cells here arepreganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons terminate in either sympathetic chain ganglia or the "visceral" (or "pre-aortic") ganglia associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta (e.g. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. The first way to classify them is by the number of processes attached to the cell body. It is permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, allowing for the occurrence of gas exchange. Histologically, although there are a few exceptions, endocrine cells generally have an epithelial origin. behaviors, memories, and movements. These hormones regulate a variety of processes, such as metabolism, growth and blood pressure. This ground substance, also referred to as Wharthons jelly, provides insulation and protection to the blood vessels of the umbilical cord. The primary purpose of this article is to evaluate the histology of peripheral nervous tissue. celiac, aorticorenal, and superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia). This Power point presentation will allow students to practice the skill of identifying tissue types from 25 histology slides. The small gap in the myelin sheath that occurs between adjacent Schwann cells is called a node of Ranvier. nervous tissue is derived from embryonic neuroectoderm The nervous system is divided anatomically into: Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. They provide support, performing similar functions in the periphery as astrocytes do in the CNSexcept, of course, for establishing the BBB.The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. Continue your learning with these resources. For example, the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach fundus contains special parietal cells which secrete HCl to break down meat proteins. The multipolar neurons in this area are known as "mossy cells" slide NP004N View Image and they primarily receive input from mossy fibers of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and then relay those signals back to other cells in the dentate. The blood-brain barrier is a physiological barrier that keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into the central nervous system, restricting what can cross from circulating blood into the CNS. Examine the layered organization of the cerebral cortex usingslide 76stained withluxol blue/cresyl violet[orientation](which stains white matter tracts and cell bodies) ortoluidine blue and eosin[orientation](TB&E, toluidine blue stains the nuclei and RER of cells whereas eosin stains membranes and axon tracts). Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance, with little to no protein fibers. Neurons are characterized by a large cell body or perikaryon containing a large, pale (active, euchromatic) nucleus with a prominentnucleolus. 10:10 - 12:05 Muscle Tissue ppt | pdf WEEK 2 Monday, August 22. The projections connect at the dendrites and are so extensive that they give the microglial cell a fuzzy appearance. The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. Click on the tissue and observe. The accessory genital glands include the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Next, the tissue is embedded with paraffin wax, which firms the tissue enough permit thin slices. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. It consists of small, spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and ground substance with sparse collagen and reticular fibers. Pharmaceutical companies are challenged to design drugs that can cross the BBB as well as have an effect on the nervous system. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. For Schwann cells, the outermost layer of the cell membrane contains cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell as a bulge on one side of the myelin sheath. The other processes of the neuron are dendrites, which receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called synapses. Based on their functional properties, these are described as either voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac and smooth muscle). All cells are enveloped by a semipermeable two-layered membrane, which serves as a dynamic medium for the cells interaction with the external environment. The nervous system is responsible for all our. Epithelium is classified by both its cellular morphology and the number of cell layers. This system delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues, and returns deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart and lungs. The relationship of these two types of glial cells to ganglia and nerves in the PNS is seen in Figure 5. Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), fibers (collagen type I) and mineralized extracellular matrix. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. Histology (6th ed.). It relays sensory input to cerebellar cortex. Histology (Tissues). Histology Copyright by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak. Afferent nerves carry information from sensory organs to the brain, while efferent nerves carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles.Taking location into account, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. Primarily, the PNS is made up of the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located within the CNS (within the brain for cranial nerves and the spinal cord for peripheral nerves yet another way to divide the nervous system based on location). system is called neurology. There are 6 classically recognized layers of the cortex: Pyramidal cells in layers III and V tend to be larger because their axons contribute to efferent projections that extend to other regions of the CNS pyramidal neurons in layer V of motor cortices send projections all the way down to motor neurons in the spinal cord! Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image. Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. Spermatozoa pass from the testis into the epithelial lined epididymis and ductus (vas) deferens via efferent ductules, then into the ejaculatory duct, which merges with the urethra. This actually causes problems with drug delivery to the CNS. These bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapse. Nevertheless, even if they cannot be easily seen, and one specific process is definitively the axon, these neurons have multiple processes and are therefore multipolar. What anatomical feature explains this phenomenon? Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Here you will see the Purkinje cell bodies slide 077 View Image. Last reviewed: November 28, 2022 View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphatic nodules are non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissue found in locations such as the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. After preparation, the tissue is stained. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. How about the fact that some cardiomyocytes have the ability to secrete hormones that regulate blood pressure? Slide of tissue is followed by slide of tissue with correct answer. 3. Epithelial tissue can cover external surfaces (skin), line the inside of hollow organs (intestines) or form glands. On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Want to create or adapt books like this? There is a lot more to know about the female reproductive system. Scattered in the cytoplasm are the characteristic clusters of ribosomes and rough ER termed Nissl bodies or Nissl substanceslide 066aView Image. Muscle tissue maintains synthesizing and contractile functions. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Other blotting techniques include Southern blot, Western blot, Far-Western blot, Southwestern blot, Eastern blot, Far-Eastern blot, Northern blot, Reverse Northern blot and Dot blot. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Eroschenko, V. P. (2017). Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. Most substances that cross the wall of a blood vessel into the CNS must do so through an active transport process. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and a series of passageways (nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi) that connect alveoli to the external environment. 3. Specialised cells (melanocytes, Merkels cells, Langerhans cells) and free nerve endings are found within the epidermis, providing pigmentation, protection and sensation. Using only histological evidence, could you determine from where in the nervous system a sample of tissue was taken? Electron microscopy (EM) is a more modern form of microscopy that provides a much higher magnification and high resolution images. Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Identify all four general tissue types Answer: epithelial, connective, muscular & nervous Which of the four basic types is described below: Contains free edge Lines hollow organs Anchored by basement membrane Answer:Epithelial tissue Which of the four basic types is described below: Lack blood vessels, Readily divide Cells are tightly packed Oligodendrocytes (another type of glial cell) are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons. The glomerulus contains some interesting cells, such as mesangial cells which have supportive and phagocytic properties; juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin which acts, in a broad sense, to help regulate our blood pressure; podocytes that control the permeability of the filtration membrane; and many more. It is the axon that propagates the nerve impulse, which is communicated to one or more cells. They have one axon and two or more dendrites (usually many more). Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx sunday godwin obaje Read Now Download Free PDF Related Papers Cancer Registry Report 2000 2002 Robina Greaves Download Free PDF View PDF Identification of OTX2 as a Medulloblastoma Oncogene Whose Product can be Targeted by All-Trans Retinoic Acid Timothy Parrett Download Free PDF View PDF Reading time: 28 minutes. Ependymal cells line each ventricle, one of four central cavities that are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube formed during the embryonic development of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. 138, 7.18). Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). Reviewer: Some well-known lymphatic nodules include; the tonsils, Peyers patches and vermiform appendix. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes ( dendrites, axons ). Connective tissue proper is further subdivided into loose connective tissue, mostly found in internal organs as supporting tissue stroma, and dense connective tissue, which can be regular (tendons, ligaments) or irregular (dermis of the skin, organ capsules). All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. Together this gives us the various types of epithelial tissues, such as simple squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and many more. Which are classified as grey matter? Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. But what makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to as processes. They have rectangular bodies and many dendrite like projections stemming from their shorter sides. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. 49 Motor nerve cell - Ventral Horn of Rabbit Spinal Cord, MultipolarMotor Neuron Cell BodyView Virtual EM Slide Motor Neuron Cell Body. The dermis is a layer of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings. 1:00 - 1:50 Nervous Tissue ppt | pdf | lecture recording (for both hours) 2:05 - 2:55 Connective Tissue ppt | pdf. Many of these astrocytes send out processes that contact and wrap around nearby capillaries, which are also clearly recognizable as tube-shaped segments. Four of them are found in the CNS and two are found in the PNS. Wheaters functional histology: A text and colour atlas. Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. Dendrites of Purkinje cells extend deep into the molecular layer, while the axons of Purkinje cells cross the granular layer and join other nerve fibers in the interior white matter of the cerebellum. Slide 66a View Virtual Slide shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. Resources in the University of Michigan Histology Dropbox, Slide 065-1N spinal chord Masson cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-2 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-1 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 066a thoracic spinal cord thoracic spinal cord luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. Unlike the highly organized cerebellar cortex, the cerebral cortex appears to be less well-organized when viewed with the light microscope. Human anatomy is pretty straightforward. It houses information about each and every structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Any size contribution is welcomed and will help us to provide these popular review tools to students at the University of Michigan and to many more worldwide. With the exception of the unipolar sensory ganglion cells, and the two specific bipolar cells mentioned above, all other neurons are multipolar. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. All Rights Reserved. The four main types of stains used in histology are empirical, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical. It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. Kenhub. motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. Histology is the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs. Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. EM works by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the tissue sample. Multipolar neurons are all of the neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. The cerebellum consists of an outer cortex of grey matter covering an inner area of white matter, which itself surrounds a deeper layer of grey matter (called the cerebellar nuclei). Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together.The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog. Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. These vibrate to produce sound as air passes through them. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Histology - Histology. The outer cerebellar cortex, shown in Figure 8, is tightly folded and has three distinct layers: Purkinje cells are typically arranged in a single row between the exterior molecular and interior granular layers. The tissues of the nervous system can also be divided into grey matter and white matter. Then, get ready to test your knowledge! Neurons are the basic functional units of nervous tissue. Histology of the Nervous System Description: Histology of the Nervous System X-Section of Brain Tissue 4 1 2 3 1. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, Cellular membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus. Tissues. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. Download Presentation Histology of Nervous Tissue An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. The dendritic tree and axon of each Purkinje cell can only be seen in thicker sections stained with special silver stains. 1. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Astrocytes in the CNS provide metabolic support for neurons and play an important role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier (see slide 13270 astrocytes View Virtual Slide). The layers of the blood-air barrier comprise of type I pneumocytes, basement membrane and endothelial cells of the capillaries. Because information flows through the neuron from dendrites or cell bodies toward the axon, these names are based on the neurons polarity (Figure 2). Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 4. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. Pancreatic serous acini secrete digestive enzymes which break down fat, carbohydrates and proteins. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. Nervous tissue. Health Information Technology & Services. At one end of the axon are dendrites, and at the other end, the axon forms synaptic connections with a target. Multiple muscle cells are bound by connective tissue into fascicles, and multiple fascicles join to form a muscle belly. To visualize this dendritic tree, an osmium stain can be used. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. Onecommonly used technique is Western blot, in which proteins are separated from one another based on molecular weight using gel electrophoresis. Nicola McLaren MSc A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function.