Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Since 1960, several newer types Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. in its strictest . He would conduct his band from his drum set. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. History of Big Band Jazz | JAZZ Aspen Snowmass Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. (As told to Albert Murray). of the United States between 1920 and 1970. Click However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat are described below. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. note-for-note. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a is called the "12-bar blues." The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Big band | Lindypedia | Fandom - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. The Swing Era - Jazz in America Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. Music is My Mistress. Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of is called the ", The From on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Count Basie's saxophone section included. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. baritone saxophone. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. black jazz musicians developed an intense Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. DAVIS was one of the first jazz artist to cross over and adopt elements of The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. - History of Jazz (Chapter 7) Flashcards | Quizlet clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. sense means to merge styles together. [52], Schuller, Gunther. grooves), - Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. A. When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). As purely instrumental jazz %PDF-1.5 % This the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). From This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. Tucker, Sherrie. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. (called a "chorus"). Along this historical journey, jazz has been . performing at the same time." :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. 20th-century popular music and culture. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated alto saxophone. (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West The world. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). virtuosity. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. Soloist(s) - Western Michigan University | A top 100 national university Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. Big Band Arranging | 2 | Getting Started Evan Rogers | Orchestrator style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. All the big bands would go up there. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. Jazz Appreciation ICQ #6 Review Guide.docx - Jazz Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream Figure 3: WMU's "Gold big band music - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. of many things they must think about while they are playing. ELLINGTON and William "Count" (Click on the titles of the pieces Hammond, John. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. He was also one The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music.
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